Doing Business 2015

Doing Business 2015 – Going Beyond Efficiency is a flagship report from the World Bank Group based in Washington DC.  This global thematic report measures business regulations whether they enhance or constrain business activity in 189 economies around the world (download report here).  Government with an efficient bureaucracy plays a critical role in providing a right environment where individuals and businesses will thrive.  Too much regulation is a recipe for economic stagnation whereas too little regulation can lead to economic disaster (remember the Great Recession?).

In this report , the countries are ranked by the Ease of Doing Business score, which is a composite of the following 10 indicators:  1) Starting a business, 2) Dealing with construction permits, 3) Getting electricity, 4) Registering property, 5) Trading across borders, 6) Getting credit, 7) Protecting minority investors, 8) Enforcing contracts, 9) Resolving insolvency, & 10) Labor market regulation.
                    
Parallel coordinates were used to visualize this multi-dimensional data.  The best way to utilize this visualization is to filter the data by region, income, or country.  Otherwise if all 189 countries were displayed, the chart would become a colorful abstract visualization with too much information!

The top 3 economies that make it easiest to do business in 2015 are Singapore, New Zealand, and Hong Kong, ranked 1, 2, and 3, respectively.  Now go ahead and compare countries of your choice to see which nation is more business-friendly so that you can open your oversea office or start your business there!

GE Data Visualization

I’ve recently got a new job at GE Global Research in San Ramon, CA.

GE is a global corporation that brings together the brightest engineers and scientists to solve complex scientific problems.  GE technologies generate huge data (petabytes) that contains valuable information which can drive insights, innovations, and discoveries.  GE is using data visualization to pair science and design in order to bring forward the meaning behind the data.

Check out some cool vizs at GE Data Visualization.

Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery

Have you been arrested?  Imagine this question appears when someone searches for your name on the Internet.  The Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery report by Professor Latanya Sweeney from Harvard University indicated that an Internet search by black-identifying names was more likely to yield an advertisement suggestive of an arrest record than a search by white-identifying names (download report here).  This racially biased advertisement distribution could inadvertently impact a person’s reputation and the affected person might not know about the potential negative consequences. 

However, advertisers are protected under the First Amendment of the Constitution that advertisements are commercial free speech.  But what if the advertisements suggestive of a criminal background appear more frequently for one racial group than for another’s, is that still free speech or has it become racial discrimination?  As this research yielded more questions than answers, perhaps Internet search companies should yield to moral high grounds and refine their search logic to provide a user experience free of racial bias.  

This viz was influenced by the New York Times’ “Why Is Her Paycheck Smaller” graph, which has been well-received in the data visualization community for its elegant use of annotation to deliver the thought-provoking message.  In order to draw the diagonal lines in the scatter plot, I sought help from Tableau Zen Master extraordinaire, Joe Mako.  Then I inserted the ‘% Arrest Ads’ annotations to the viz.  The final result highlights the unfair issue of discrimination in online ad delivery.

In addition, the box plots to the right show the differential on the arrest ads display when searching for names according to race and gender.  

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This viz was made possible with the permission of Professor Latanya Sweeney from Harvard University and the contribution of Joe Mako, Tableau Zen Master.  I'm grateful to both for their generosity.

Global Warming

Let’s start the New Year with a hot topic and a Nobel-Prize-quality global thematic report.  The ‘Climate Change 2013 Assessment Report’, produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) based in Geneva, provides a comprehensive view of the current scientific knowledge of climate change.  It’s a compelling read into global warming and its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts.
 

What fascinating about this authoritative 1522-pages report is that it contains 482 sophisticated graphs that help to illustrate complex concepts into something more understandable.  The graphs play an important role in consolidating numerous points into singular visualizations that define a central concept.  If a picture is worth a thousand words, then these 482 graphs tell many mini-stories and together enhance the value of the report tremendously.

I’m happy to recommend this extraordinary report because (1) global warming is currently relevant, and (2) this report is a fine example of how the combination of excellent research writing and meaningful data visualization/illustration can yield outstanding result.  This report is epic.  Obviously, there’ll be no viz of mine because none is needed.  By the way, Al Gore and IPCC shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize together.

Season's Greetings

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State of the Future

The 2013-14 State of the Future is a compelling global thematic report produced by the Millennium Project based in Washington, D.C.  Researchers from around the world collaborate to collect and provide a diversity of opinions, then distill and integrate those data to forecast the future.  It’s a thought-provoking read into the advancements and challenges of the humanity and what the future might hold for our 7.1 billion people living together in this interconnected world.

For such a special report, the graphs are quite rudimentary (download the 2013-14 State of the Future report here).  There’s such a wealth of information in this 243-page report that can yield many different visualizations.  I think this report can benefit tremendously from a team of data visualization experts who can produce beautiful and meaningful graphs befitting this fascinating report.  For my part, I’ve visualized the different indicators that together compose the State of the Future Index (page 5).

The data for this viz has both breadth (25 indicators) and depth (215 countries and from 1972-2013), however, the data is not uniform because it is not available for all the years and for all countries.   So there’s a small hiccup in the viz when changing from some indicators to another.

For example, data for indicator ‘Life expectancy at birth (years)’ ranges from 1972-2012.  But for indicator ‘Internet users (per 100 people)’, data is available only from 1990-2012.  So when the indicator is changed from ‘Life expectancy’ to ‘Internet users’, the world map might disappear.

The solution is to scroll to the next available year and the world map will reappear.

Since this report is for futurists, I’ve used the Forecast function in the ‘World’ graph to predict the next 6-years trend for the indicators using 95% prediction intervals.  In addition, the ‘World’ graph shows how the world population is doing for each indicator.  There're more winnings than losings so we are making progress over the years, albeit at the expense of the environment!

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As an optimist, I believe the future is bright and promising ahead.

Nigeria

In April 2014, Nigeria surpassed South Africa as having the biggest economy in Africa.  Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was adjusted to $510 billion in 2013, 89% larger than previously estimated.  This was because the economists adjusted how the country’s GDP was calculated, something they hadn’t done since 1990.

GDP adjustment is the process of replacing an old base year with a more recent one which reflects the dynamic price structure and captures economic growth. The IMF standard for GDP adjustment is every 5 years.  But in Nigeria’s case, it took 24 years.

What had changed in the last 24 years was Nigeria’s fast economic expansion, changing from a financial base of crude oil to more diversified activity including such vibrant sectors as manufacturing, agriculture, financial services, mobile telephony and Nollywood.  For example, the number of mobile phone subscribers has leapt from a few hundred thousand customers to some 120M today.  The telecoms sector has jumped from less than 1% to almost 9% of GDP.  Nollywood, which did not appear in 1990, is said to contribute 1.4% to the GDP.  More small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) have also been flourished. ¹

Now that Nigeria’s GDP is larger than United Arab Emirates’ and South Africa becomes Africa’s Number Two, Nigeria is expected to continue its 7% average annual growth, while South Africa’s economy would chug along with 2% growth for next couple of years.

The reality is that Nigeria still has many problems to overcome such as corruption, underdeveloped infrastructure, & large poverty.  However, Nigeria is a young market and the opportunity is huge.  "If you're not in Nigeria, you're not in Africa," said Nigerian Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala.

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Note:

¹ Mordi, Frederick, “Nigeria overtakes rival South Africa”, African Business, June 2014, pp. 74-75

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This viz was made up of basic bar and line charts, with a touch of color to make it pop.